Abruptio placentae

A premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall, usually occuring in the third  trimester of pregnancy.

Etiology and Incidence

Etiology is unknown but has been linked to hypertension, cocaine use, smoking and blunt force trauma to abdomen. Abruptio placentae occurs in 0.4% to 3.5% of all deliveries and accounts for 15% of all perinatal deaths. About one third of infants born to women with abruptio placentae die from either prematurity or intrauterine hypoxia. There is a 1% maternal mortality rate.

Pathophysiology

The placentae releases from th e wall of the uterus, and retroplacental bleeding occurs. The degree of release may vary from a few milimeters to complete detachment. Blood can accumulate under the placenta (concealed hemorhage) or can be passed out the cervix (external  hemorhage).

Risk Factors

Hypetension, cocaine use, cigarette use (15% to 25% of cases linked to smoking), blunt force abdominal trauma (auto accident and maternal battering), previous separation of placenta (risk of recurrence 4%; risk after two separations rises to 25%), multiple fetuses, premature rupture of membranes for more than 24 hours.

Clinical manifestations

Signs and symptoms vary with degree of separation and hemorrhage. Severe cases involve profuse vaginal bleeding, maternal shock (hypotension, dizziness, rapid pulse, dyspnea and pallor); sudden, severe pain; tender, tightly contracted uterus; and fetal distress or fetal death.

Complications

Complications include hypofibrinogenemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), uteroplacental apoplexy (couvelaire uterus), and renal failure. Preexisting preeclampsia compounds complications.

Diagnostic tests

History and physical examination

Abdominal ultrasound to rule out placenta previa

Abruptio placentae

It is a condition in which red blood cells that carry oxygen due to the body tissues decreases. This function is carried out by a protein called hemoglobin. Anemia usually means inadequate of hemoglobin .Normal level of Haemoglobin is between 11.5 to 16.5g/dL for women and 12.5 for men to 18.5g/dL.

Causes of anemia

1. Blood loss (either acute or chronic)
* Acute blood loss can be seen during the car accident or after surgery.  Blood loss of more than 500ml of blood is usually required fiber.
* Chronic blood loss usually occurs during excessive menstruation, worm infestation and other conditions.

2. The formation of red blood cells that is not enough from bone marrow .

This may be caused by:

* Lack of important factors such as iron, vitamin B12, folate, and erythropoietin.

- Expansion of a sudden for the young, resulting in increased iron          requirements where they exceed the level of iron absorption.

-  menstrual cycle in women with a loss estimated 30mg of iron each month cause iron deficiency.

* Toxic factors: inflammatory disease, liver and kidney failure, drugs.
* Lack of hormones: low thyroid hormone levels.
* Attacks the bone marrow: blood cancer, bone marrow disease.
* Disorders of red blood cell formation: conditions such as thalassemia.
2. The destruction of red blood cells over

May occur in some infections, or taking any medication.

Common type of anemia are:

* Anemia due to iron deficiency.
* Thalassemia

Signs and symptoms
Many teenagers suffer from anemia and do not know why.
Symptoms include:

* Nausea all the time
* Dizziness
* Shortness of breath when performing physical atktiviti
* Skin pale
* Rapid heart rate
* Poor memory
* Less weight

Complications of anemia

If anemia is severe it can cause:

* The failure of the heart in which heart function become weak and inadequate.
* Problems during pregnancy such as premature birth and fetal growth retardation when they are in content.

Treatment of anemia

Hemoglobin examination to determine whether you have anemia or can not be done in a clinic near you.

Treatment of anemia depends on the type of anemia encountered.

* If it is caused by medical problems such as thalassemia, Leukaemia, special treatment is needed.
* If it is caused by iron deficiency, then it must take a balanced diet containing a high iron and iron pill increase. Please see Table 1 for the iron content in food.

Other tips: For the treatment of iron deficiency:

* It is recommended to take extra iron tablets with vitamin C to help absorption of iron.
* Common causes such as infection and inflammation of the intestinal worms to be treated.

How it is achieved:
Bone health is achieved through activities, such as exercise. In addition, you maintain healthy bones by increasing calcium. Supplements are available, which include the FDA marked remedies to help reduce bone loss from natural aging.

Taking calcium is very important during our entire life. Children should drink 2 cups of milk each day and adults 3 cups. Calcium in food is better to take than pills because you get more of it; food sometimes doesn’t have the right amounts in it due to the way it has been processed. Get that calcium in your body at an early age and keep it there. Besides calcium however, your bones demand a mixture of magnesium. You will also need a healthy dose of phosphorous. Vitamin D facilitates calcium to flow through the bloodstream. Free flowing bloods make a healthier you.

To improve bones, we also need to start at an early age getting plenty of vitamin D. As we get older, we have a tendency to stay out of the sun more. Don’t sit in the house all day. Rather try to get outside around noon and get some sun with all those vitamin D rays. Supplements can be used but again the sun is better. Maybe take a walk for 15-20 minutes each day to get the sun.

As we aging into the later years of our life, we have to keep those bones strong. You can benefit from weight bearing works, such as walking. Keeping those bones strong will help you survive falls. Falls is one of the leading reasons of bone breakage or fractures, especially as we grow older.

Unfortunately, adolescents don’t realize the importance of taking care of our bones. As these adolescents pass puberty however, their bones start to decline. Once a person reaches 50, the bones start to deteriorate, which puts you at high risk of fractures, disease and breakage. As the bones weaken, the muscles and joints will also degenerate. Injures then can lead to gouty arthritis, arthritis, osteoporosis and so on.

The high-risks of bone fractures are charted, which include hip fractures being the most common injure amongst the elderly. Hip fractures may sound like a minor ordeal, yet the truth is hip fractures are responsible for some deaths.

Weak bones are avertable even once you are middle age. It’s never to late to repair or mend our bodies.

Staying fit is the key to preventing risks of disease, hip fractures etc since the bones will stay healthy. In view of the fact, you want to consider a daily schedule, which includes activities and exercise. You want to keep those muscles free to move, since the muscles protect the bones. Stretch workouts and exercise will prevent your joints from feeling stiff as well, which joints support the muscles and bones.

When you exercise you, maintain weight. As you start to age, the body fat increases to more than 30%. This is too much added weight for the muscles, joints and bones. Carrying around this kind of weight on the feet, legs, etc will cause problems later. Maintaining your weight will help prevent and lower your risks of heart disease, bone disease, high-blood, high-cholesterol, diabetes and so on.

Indeed, one of the difficult phases of parenting is dealing with the infant when he or she shows signs of colic—a severe abdominal pain caused by spasm, obstruction, or distention of any of the hollow viscera such as the intestines. Known as a common problem from the first three weeks up to first three months of a child’ s life, colic is becoming one of the foremost concerns of more and more parents because they also experience and discomfort when their baby starts crying endlessly.

Usually evident from the first 3 weeks of an infant’s life, colic consists of recurrent spasm and abdominal pain. This period of pain usually lasts from three hours up to 12 to 15 hours daily depending on the severity of the case.

When a baby suffers from colic, he or she becomes hypertonic and can show alternating body postures that involve contractions, sudden stretching, spastically stiffening while he or she turns red. When these signs occur, parents should start observing their babies intently because it might be a simple colic or can be signs of a more serious digestive problem.

Until now, doctors and people in the medical world have yet to discover the causes of colic in infants. Although, there have been various studies that indicate the possible causes of the condition that affects 20 percent of babies in the world. Researchers say that colic can originate in a baby’s intestines since he or she has sensitive and developing digestive and nervous system.

Others say that colic can be a result of some environmental factors like certain milk formulas and cow’s milk for certain infants.

THE SIGNS

One of the most common signs of colic in infants is excessive crying with no apparent reason. Statistics show that 1 in every 10 babies experience colic because it is an apparent abdominal pain experienced in early infancy. Usually, colic attacks are evident before, during and after each meal. The cry usually starts out and can continue for 3 hours and more. Aside from loud and excessive crying, periods of irritability, and body contractions are also apparent signs of colic. Other signs of colic include:

Vigorous and excessive for long periods of time despite extreme efforts of consolation

Onset crying that starts around the same time everyday or night and can be ending or never-ending

- Suffers from gas discomfort
- Slight bloating of the abdomen
- Has a hard and bloated stomach
- Unlikely and patterned body contortions like pulling of knees to the chest
- Hard-clenched fists
- Flailing arms and legs
- Arched back
- Frequent sleeplessness
- Chronic irritability
- Unreasonable fussiness
- Reddening face due to ling periods of crying
- Excessive belching or spitting up after feeding
- Passing gas
- Experience difficulty in passing stools

This list includes only the usual signs of colic. It is best if you visit a doctor once you see these symptoms in your baby so you can be sure that he or she is not experiencing more serious illness as early as now.

Colic is actually not so dangerous. May seem so the way the baby crying and screaming at the top of their lungs. In fact, may be so common that parents may experience episodes daily, and after the first episode, parents usually learn to deal successfully with confidence. However, doctors and scientists can not determine exactly what causes the exact date of colic. It just happened.

Colic, those who are not familiar with the matter, is abdominal pain that occurs after meals. Because the pain persists, a baby cry for hours until relief of colic. Weeping May for about four hours, depending on the severity of pain. Cheeks Babies’ will also become red from the effort and possibly pain.

When there is abdominal pain, the baby’s stomach becomes distended or may become enlarged. One leg is bent while the other will extended straight out. Becomes cold feet and hands clenched tight because of the disease. This is actually a common reaction for people who are sick to their stomachs.

Often, it will happen in the afternoon or early evening after every meal. But can occur at any time of day. Not all babies suffer from colic and some even suffer less often than others. Medical experts believe that genetics plays a role. It appears that if one or both parents had suffered from stomach pain when they were babies, their offspring will also experience episodes of colic.

However, there are factors that exacerbate a colic condition. Here are a few. Read on if you can avoid these factors and prevent your baby from suffering further.

1. Overfeeding can only worsen the situation when you have a baby in the arms of colic. Make sure your baby is suffering from hunger and not colic before eating again.

2. There are certain foods that will worsen the colic. Those with high blood sugar, those with pure juice will only increase the gas in the stomach and, therefore, aggravate the condition.

3. Allergies can also cause intestinal colic it is important for mothers to know exactly what their baby is allergic. This may be something they have directly eaten or something that you are transmitted through breast milk on you.

4. Thrills can also affect colic. Emotions such as anger, fear, anxiety and excitement should be avoided because it will exacerbate the pain for the baby.

The best way to help your baby to first not panic and then read as much as possible even before an episode occurs. Nonstop crying can be the result of a number of other things so important that you also keep your eyes open so you know exactly what the pain of your baby. Keep in mind that there is no known cause, there is no known cure for it except to make the experience comfortable and painless as possible.

A disease or medical problem is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions, associated with specific symptoms and signs.It may be caused by external factors, such as invading organisms, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases.

In human beings, “disease” is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories.

Terminology

In many cases, the terms disease, disorder, morbidity and illness are used interchangeably.In some situations, specific terms are considered preferable.

Infection

This term broadly refers to any abnormal condition that impairs normal function. Commonly, this term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. An infection that does not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning is not considered a disease. Non-infectious diseases are all other diseases, including most forms of cancer, heart disease, and genetic disease.

Illness

Illness and sickness are generally used as synonyms for disease.However, this term is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patient’s personal experience of his or her disease.In this model, it is possible for a person to be diseased without being ill, (to have an objectively definable, but asymptomatic, medical condition), and to be ill without being diseased (such as when a person perceives a normal experience as a medical condition, or medicalizes a non-disease situation in his or her life). Illness is often not due to infection but a collection of evolved responses, sickness behavior, by the body aids the clearing of infection. Such aspects of illness can include lethargy, depression, anorexia, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, and inability to concentrate.

Disorder

In medicine, a disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance.Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, genetic disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, and functional disorders.

The term disorder is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms disease or illness, and therefore is preferred terminology in some circumstances. In mental health, the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors in psychiatric conditions. However, the term disorder is also used in many other areas of medicine, primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as organic brain syndrome.

Medical condition

A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases and disorders, but also includes normal situations, such as pregnancy, that might benefit from medical assistance or have implications for medical treatments. As it is more value-neutral than terms like disease, it is sometimes preferred by people with these conditions. On the other hand, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the autism rights movement. The term medical condition is used as a synonym for medical state, where it describes a patient’s current state, as seen from a medical standpoint. This usage is seen in statements that describe a patient as being “in critical condition”, for example.

Morbidity

Morbidity (from Latin morbidus: sick, unhealthy) refers to a diseased state, disability, or poor health due to any cause.The term may be used to refer to the existence of any form of disease, or to the degree that the health condition affects the patient. Among severely ill patients, the level of morbidity is often measured by ICU scoring systems.

Comorbidity is the simultaneous presence of two medical conditions, such as a person with schizophrenia and substance abuse.

In epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity rate can refer to either the incidence rate, or the prevalence of a disease or medical condition. This measure of sickness is contrasted with the mortality rate of a condition, which is the proportion of people dying during a given time interval.

Transmission of disease

Some diseases such as influenza are contagious and infectious. The micro-organisms that cause these diseases are known as pathogens and include varieties of bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. Infectious diseases can be transmitted by as, by hand to mouth contact with infectious material on surfaces, by bites of insects or other carriers of the disease, and from contaminated water or food (often via faecal contamination), etc. In addition, there are sexually transmitted diseases. In some cases, micro-organisms that are not readily spread from person to person play a role, while other diseases can be prevented or ameliorated with appropriate nutrition or other lifestyle changes. Some diseases such as cancer, heart disease and mental disorders are , in most cases, not considered to be caused by infection , although there are important exceptions. Many diseases (including some cancers, heart disease and mental disorders) have a partially or completely genetic basis  and may thus be transmitted from one generation to another.